Compositions and methods relating to an occlusive polymer hydrogel

ABSTRACT

Methods for the synthesis and use of several variations of styrene maleic acid-based polymers and the hydrogel tissue bridges that can be formed from such polymers. Specifically, a method is disclosed for synthesizing a styrene maleic acid-based polymer that can be dissolved in DMSO and injected into the vasa deferentia of male subjects, creating a hydrogel tissue bridge. This hydrogel tissue bridge can occlude the vas deferens, thus forming an effective male contraceptive. Additionally, this male contraceptive can be reversed by injecting the lumen of the vas deferens with a basic buffer solution to dissolve and remove the hydrogel tissue bridge.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit to provisional application No.61/892,404, filed Oct. 17, 2013, which is incorporated by referenceherein in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present compositions and methods relate to the field of hydrogeltissue bridges for use in creating occlusions and related structures inthe body.

BACKGROUND

While long-term reversible contraceptives, such as IUDs and implantabletime-released birth-control medications, have become popular methods forpregnancy prevention in females, comparable methods for males do notexist. Additionally, short-term reversible male contraceptives, such asmale condoms, withdrawal and periodic abstinence have relatively highfailure rates (Trussell J. Contraceptive failure in the United States.Contraception 2004; 70: 89-96) making them less than ideal solutions formale contraception. Furthermore, even these basic contraceptives may notbe readily available or widely accepted by the populations of somecountries. For these and many other reasons, a pressing need forlong-term reversible male contraception currently exists, which has notyet been met.

To date, the only commonly available long-term male contraceptive methodis vasectomy: a surgical procedure wherein the vasa deferentia ofsubjects are severed and cauterized, effectively preventing the passageof any sperm from the testes. Although a vasectomy is a highly effectivemeasure of contraception, should the subject decide to undergo vasectomyreversal, known as a vasovasostomy, the cost to the subject can be veryhigh and the procedure is not always successful.

Several attempts have been made to create an alternative to thevasectomy. Specifically, devices that block the vas deferens have beenmade of urethane and silicone plugs as well as injectable medical gradesilicone and polyurethane rubber. These methods have been tested buthave proven unsuccessful due to leakage and/or scarring (Tulsiani &Abou-Haila, 2008). Valves implanted into the vas deferens were alsounsuccessful (See Hollander Published U.S. Patent Application US2014/0048076). Intra Vas Devices have been tested in humans, including aurethane mesh plug using a flexible synthetic anchored to the vas wall(Song et al., 2006). However, this device proved less effective thanvasectomy in Phase 2 clinical trials and has been abandoned.

The use of a styrene maleic-based polymer to create a long-termreversible male contraceptive has been previously disclosed.Specifically, Guha (U.S. Pat. No. 5,488,075 and U.S. Patent App.2011/0002979) has disclosed a polymer for use in vasa deferentia,created from a solution of styrene maleic anhydride or mixturescomprising less than equal parts of styrene maleic anhydride and styrenemaleic acid, with the majority being the anhydride. While Guha hasclaimed to have disclosed a form of male contraception that is botheffective and reversible, it has not yet gained regulatory approvaldespite a multi-decade development process. The disadvantages of thismethod have been shown to exist both in the synthesis of the styrenemaleic-based polymer and its use. Firstly, the synthesis of Guha'spolymer calls for the use of gamma irradiation to initiate free radicalpolymerization of the styrene maleic monomers. The use of gammaradiation can be hazardous and is not convenient or practical for eitherwidespread small-scale synthesis or large-scale manufacturing.Furthermore, Guha's method requires onerous purification steps that callfor retorting, organic/aqueous crystallization/separation and otherdifficult manufacturing processes.

It is of critical note, and point of difference with the presentinvention, that Guha teaches a composition that is comprised of styrenemaleic anhydride for injection. Although he describes that once injectedinto the body the anhydride residues convert to an acid (and which heasserts provide a stable charge and pH effect that deactivates thesperm), his teachings include that a product must contain maleicanhydride on injection to perform acceptably. The present compositionsand methods are based almost entirely on styrene maleic acid rather thanstyrene maleic anhydride. This use of styrene maleic acid over styrenemaleic anhydride is based upon critical inventive discoveries. It hasbeen discovered that an anhydride is not easily stabilized in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) due to residual water in commercially available DMSO(and its highly hygroscopic nature). The inability to stabilize theanhydride makes manufacturing, quality control and shelf-life difficultto manage, and could result in product at time of injection withvariable and unpredictable viscosity and other characteristics. It hasbeen observed that polymers with elevated anhydride, or entirelyanhydride, formed harder, semi-rigid solids on injection that maypresent risk of complications to the patient until the plug can laterconvert to the soft gelatinous acid form. In our research, and in directcontradiction to the teachings of Guha, it has been presently determinedthat an acid-based polymer can easily be produced, which can bestabilized in DMSO and can have well-controlled quality and consistencyrequired for an injectable medical product, while providing durablecontraceptive function and handling characteristics. Moreover, uponinjection, in direct contradiction to the teachings of Guha, the presentcompositions can readily form a soft, stable space-filling plug that canprovide durable and reversible blockage to the passage of sperm. In sum,the present compositions and methods show that it is unnecessary—in factunfavorable—to produce a “prodrug” anhydride-based polymer that wouldconvert in vivo to the active agent. Rather the present disclosureproves that the acid form can be produced and directly used as aneffective occlusion agent.

Guha's method creates a styrene maleic anhydride bulk having a molecularweight between 60-100 kilodaltons (kDa) with Guha's preferred rangebeing between 70-80 kDa. The resulting styrene maleic anhydride bulk canbe mixed with a lesser amount of styrene maleic acid bulk to form amixed polymer. This mixed polymer is then added to DMSO to create aninjectable solution, which can be introduced into the vas deferens vianeedle and syringe.

Interestingly, Guha does not teach the creation of an impenetrableocclusion. Rather, Guha believes that his polymer chemically inactivatessperm as it passes though openings in the injected polymer, due tocharges created by a residue in the polymer containing both styrenemaleic anhydride and styrene maleic acid. Specifically, Guha teachesthat his polymer leaves open passages having a charged surface acrosswhich sperm cells must traverse and thereby become inactivated. WhileGuha may or may not be correct that his disclosed polymer has theability to deactivate all of the sperm that passes through it, theformation of an occlusion in the vas deferens that prevents passage ofall sperm cells through the vas deferens would eliminate the need forsuch chemical deactivation.

The field of male contraception does not have, and currently needs, along-term reversible male contraceptive comprising a hydrogel tissuebridge that can create an occlusion within the vas deferens. The polymerrequired to create such an occlusion must have flow properties whichallow it to fill small spaces and should set up as a plug that isimpenetrable to sperm, while preferably still allowing the passage ofother bodily fluids. It would be preferable that this plug remain softand flexible to avoid damage to surrounding tissues and be morecomfortable for the patient than would a rigid plug.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an aspect of the present disclosure to provide methods andcompositions for the creation of a long-term reversible malecontraceptive comprising a hydrogel tissue bridge that can create anocclusion within the vas deferens or other bodily lumens or cavities,the forming polymer having flow properties which allow it to fill smallspaces and form a plug, which is impenetrable to sperm, while allowingthe passage of other bodily fluids, and which remains flexible to avoiddamage to surrounding tissues and be more comfortable for the patient.

This aspect can be attained by a hydrogel-forming solution comprising apolymer dissolved in a solvent, wherein the polymer is more than 75%comprised of styrene maleic acid and the solvent is DMSO.

This aspect can also be attained by a method for using ahydrogel-forming solution to create a hydrogel tissue bridge within aspace located within a subject, wherein the hydrogel-forming solutioncan be placed within the space within a subject by an injectingapparatus and the hydrogel-forming solution can absorb the availablewater and aqueous solutions within the space to create a hydrogel tissuebridge within the space.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features and advantages of the present disclosure, as well asthe details of various embodiments of the present disclosure, willbecome apparent and more readily appreciated from the included drawings.

FIG. 1 is a representational diagram showing relevant parts of the humananatomy, including the vas deferens and the approximate location of ahydrogel tissue bridge within the vas deferens according to anembodiment;

FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view of a section of a vas deferensoccluded by a hydrogel tissue bridge, also known as an occluder, asshown in FIG. 1 according to an embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing the first steps of a synthesis of styrenemaleic anhydride according to an embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing further steps of a styrene maleicanhydride synthesis according to an embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing the steps of a hydrolysis of styrenemaleic anhydride, according to an embodiment; and

FIG. 5 is a representative Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum ofstyrene maleic acid.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This description of the exemplary embodiments is intended to be read inconnection with the accompanying drawings, which are to be consideredpart of the entire written description.

The present disclosure relates generally to the selectively reversibleformation, in a chosen region of the anatomy, of a semi-solid, hydrogeltissue bridge created by a special hydrogel-initiating/effectingsolution, also referred to herein as a “hydrogel-forming solution.” Thehydrogel tissue bridge can be implemented via appropriate injection orother application of the hydrogel-forming solution to the anatomy. Morespecifically, the present disclosure pertains to several compositionsproposed for such a hydrogel-forming solution, and to the readilyscalable synthesis of these solutions. The term “tissue bridge” isemployed herein to refer broadly to a structure—asolution-enabled/deposited material mass—which is attached to, and whichspanningly connects, spaced regions in the anatomy, such as within, andfully, or substantially fully, spanning, an anatomical lumens, vessel,channel, cavity and bladder or similar structure. Invention-utilityillustrations mentioned below each reside, as contemplated herein, inthe category of being a “tissue bridge.”

Anatomical hydrogel tissue bridging, such as that implemented byemployment of the present hydrogel-forming solution, offers many usefulanatomical applications, such as occluding/blocking (partially orotherwise), crevice/void-space or depot filling, and tissue bulking orcoating, among other structural applications within the body. While usesof the solutions described herein will focus primarily on the field ofocclusion-based male contraception, the present solutions haveapplication in other anatomical structures, namely, other lumens of thebody, channels, sinuses or cavities, which are all contemplated as beingpart of the present disclosure. For example, occlusion of the Fallopiantubes as well as occlusion of tubes, vessels, and/or ducts of thelymphatic, glandular, hepatic and renal systems are contemplated uses ofthe present hydrogel forming solution and the hydrogel tissue bridgeformed from it. The present compositions and methods can also be used asa biocompatible space filling tissue bridge or bulking agent wheninjected directly into dermal, adipose, skeletal, muscular, andocular/intra-ocular tissue. Finally, the present hydrogel solution canbe used as a secondary inert bio-compatible filler inserted into asecondary flexible container, such as a balloon, catheter, or othersimilar container before or after implantation. For example, a ballooncomprised of a silicone, urethane or other flexible polymer “skin” ourlayer, and filled with the polymer of this invention to expand it to thedesired space, prior to or after implantation. The terms “styrene maleicacid,” “acid” and “styrene maleic acid copolymer” are usedinterchangeably for a styrene maleic acid polymer composition containingat least 70% maleic acid residues. Likewise, the terms “styrene maleicanhydride,” “anhydride” and “styrene maleic anhydride copolymer” arealso used herein interchangeably with one another for a styrene maleicanhydride polymer composition containing at least 30% anhydrideresidues. The reference to percentage of acid or anhydride is intendedto mean that with respect to the maleic acid or anhydride monomersincorporated into the polymer chains, that percentage (or greater orlesser as indicated in the text) is hydrated to the acid form ordehydrated to the anhydrous form (in the finished product whenformulated and filled into a pharmaceutical container) in the finalproduct claimed here. This can include average percentage within theranges or the average resulting from a mix of chains of differingpercentages. All citations to percentages should be understood as beingwithin customary formulation, analytical precision and accuracy limits.The expression “extravasating,” which is used herein to define acharacteristic of a solution solvent/carrier, is intended to mean thatfeature of such a solvent/carrier which causes it to flow away anddisappear in the context of contact with anatomical tissue. DMSO is anappropriate extravasating solvent/carrier as it is a biocompatible,inert solvent for the polymer, is readily obtained in pharmaceutical(United States Pharmacopeia) grades, has a history of safe use in humansfor this purpose, and in vivo easily diffuses through the vasa wallsinto the body tissue, where upon being replaced by the body waterresults in the gelation of the acid polymer. The present anatomical,hydrogel-forming solution may take on several, different, uniquecompositional forms, each useful in different circumstances, and eachfeaturing a hydrogel-forming copolymer solute (styrene maleic acidsolely, or such acid predominantly in a cooperative combination withstyrene maleic anhydride) dissolved in a solvent which extravasatesrapidly in the environment of, and through, the anatomy to “free” thesolute to gelate in place to form the intended hydrogel tissue bridge.This hydrogel tissue bridge is one which may later be removed, ifdesired, through appropriate solvent dissolution and/or flushing. Thepresent hydrogel tissue bridge can be stable in acidic pH, according toan embodiment. Therefore, the injection and/or flushing of a lumencontaining the hydrogel tissue bridge with basic buffers likebicarbonate or phosphate and/or other similar alkaline agents candestabilize the hydrogel and disrupt the hydrogel tissue bridge,permitting removal of the polymer and flow out of the lumen of the vasdeferens and similar anatomical structures.

The function of a hydrogel tissue bridge probably relates to the lengthof the vas deferens filled by the hydrogel. Since the diameter of thelumen of the vas deferens varies from person to person, if a fixedamount of material is injected, the length of the hydrogel tissue bridgewill vary inversely with the square of the radius of the lumen of thevas deferens. In an embodiment, greater than 1 cm of the lumen of thevas deferens should be filled (occluded) with hydrogel tissue bridge inorder to act as an effective contraceptive. The durability andeffectiveness of the hydrogel tissue bridge will likely increase as thelength of the hydrogel tissue bridge increases, with target lengths inthe range of 4 to 20 cm in some embodiments.

According to the present embodiment, the composition of the proposedhydrogel-forming solution fundamentally takes two different overallforms. The first form features nearly pure styrene maleic acid (i.e. atleast 90% acid) copolymer dissolved in DMSO or a similarly appropriateextravasating solvent/carrier. In this case, the DMSO may have a smallquantity of residual water (not more than 5% by weight) withoutmaterially altering its quality by hydrolysis on storage. The secondform features a blend of styrene maleic acid and styrene maleicanhydride copolymers dissolved in DMSO or a similarly appropriateextravasating solvent/carrier. In this second form, styrene maleic acidis the dominating copolymer, meaning the polymer has at least 75% acidresidues. The use of dry DMSO (residual water of not more than 1% byweight) and filling of the formulated gel into a final container underdry nitrogen can be used to prevent excessive hydrolysis during storage.In either embodiment, the ratio of polymer to DMSO can range from 18% to40% (wt/wt), wherein 22-26% (wt/wt) can be more preferable in someembodiments.

Regarding the acid-only form of the hydrogel-forming solution, themolecular weight of the acid therein preferably lies somewhere in therange of from above 100-kDa to about 1200-kDa. Keeping the molecularweight of the polymer within this range can assure that it will havesufficient viscosity to hold a desired position on injection so that itcan fill the lumen during gelation, while still being capable of beinghandled in production, filled into vials and syringes, and being easilyinjectable when dissolved in DMSO. Higher molecular weights can be tooviscous, while lower weights can be too fluid and flow out of vasa orspread excessively, thus not forming optimal plugs on gelation. Themass-fraction of the solution lies preferably somewhere in the range ofabout 15-percent to about 40-percent to provide an effectiveconcentration of polymer for a specified injection volume. Lowerconcentrations may not form stable, strong plugs or have the same effectas low molecular weights on viscosity. Higher concentrations would haveexcessive viscosity for handling and injection. Various sub-ranges existwithin these two broader ranges of molecular weights, as set forthspecifically below. These sub-ranges can have properties which make themmore useful when used for particular applications. Specifically, theparticular molecular-weight and mass-fraction values deemed to beespecially useful in many male-contraception applications are 200-1000kDa, 300-800 kDa, 400-700 kDa, and 600-700 kDa to provide adequatefeatures at concentrations of 18-40% (wt/wt) respectively. In anembodiment, a polymer of at least 95% acid, with molecular weight of500-700 kDa at 23-26% (wt/wt) (polymer:DMSO concentration) can be usedto create a suitable hydrogel tissue bridge in the vas deferens.

With respect to the acid/anhydride form of the solution, two preferredratios by weight of acid to anhydride have been found to be interestingand useful in the different sub-forms of this solution, expressed infuller detail below are 80%:20% and greater than 92% to less than 8%,and as noted above, preferably greater than 98% acid will function as acontraceptive agent. The lower acid level may provide improved (lower)viscosity for handling and a firm gel on injection. However, thesebenefits can be offset by hydrolysis of the anhydride, which can resultin reduced stability, the inability to ensure consistent ratios ofacid:anhydride residues upon final formulation, and difficulties infilling and injection due to the higher risk of hydrolysis duringprocessing and filling as well as atmospheric moisture absorbed into theformulation.

The present styrene maleic acid polymer is predominately a linearpolymer chain of styrene and maleic acid having minimal intermolecularor intramolecular cross-links, and generally intended and produced tohave a poly (styrene-alt-maleic acid) form, rather than to have extendedblocks of a single residue. Generally intended and produced means thatat least 80% chain sequence is styrene-alt-maleic acid (as shown below)rather than styrene-styrene or other sequences. In addition thecomposition may be modified with small amounts of other residues or sidegroups that do not materially impair its principal contraceptive orocclusive function.

In a series of embodiments, the percentage of intermolecular orintramolecular cross-links in the styrene maleic acid polymer can beless than one percent (<1%), less than five percent (<5%), or less thanten percent (<10%). In an embodiment, the majority, more than ninetypercent (>90%) of the linear chain can be made up of styrene-maleic acidcopolymer blocks rather than styrene-styrene or maleic acid-maleic acidcopolymer blocks. Cross-links are unfavorable as they provide variableproperties (e.g., firmness, gelation, dissolution) that would need to becharacterized and controlled.

As relates to male contraception, the hydrogel tissue bridge can be usedto create a full or partial blockage, also referred to as an occluder ofthe vas deferens. This blockage can provide a relatively long-term andselectively reversible contraceptive. The present hydrogel-formingsolutions can flow freely into small spaces creating a hydrogel tissuebridge that can remain flexible and stable, thus providing an occlusionof the vas deferens. This injectable male contraceptive solution canthus avoid some of the surgical invasiveness of the conventionalvasectomy procedure. Another advantage over the prior art is that thepresent occlusion-forming solution can be easily removed, by way of aflushing mechanism and procedure, thus avoiding the invasiveness of aconventional vasovasostomy.

An occlusion formed by use of the present solution does not necessarilyprevent the flow of all liquids through a lumen, in the sense that as ahydrogel fluids and subcellular small molecules can percolate throughthe matrix. This is distinguished form Guha's teachings that anon-occlusive polymer has open channels through which fluids andsuspended cells, including sperms, can readily flow but are inactivateddue to the polymer chemical effect on charge and pH. Quite importantly,the semisolid elastic/resilient nature of the acid plug, prevents theformation of stable side channels around the polymer, internal channelsthrough the polymer, and pressure driven flow around the plug, throughwhich sperm can pass. This is in contrast to the polymer taught by Guha,as well as the solid (e.g., silicon, EVA) and rigid (e.g., metal,polyethylene) plugs in prior teachings regarding contraceptives locatedwithin the vas deferens. Accordingly, such an occlusion can allow someamount of biological (seminal) fluids to pass through the occludingstructure, referred to herein variously as a hydrogel bridge thusreducing the risk of buildup of epididymal and testicular pressure,which are both potential side effects of the traditional vasectomy.

FIG. 1 is a representational diagram showing relevant parts of the humananatomy, including the vas deferens 100 and the approximate location ofa hydrogel tissue bridge 101 within the lumen of the vas deferens 100.Specifically, FIG. 1 shows a testis 102 having a vas deferens 100connecting the testis to the seminal vesicle 103. FIG. 1 also shows aninsertion point 104 through which the present hydrogel solution can beinjected to form the hydrogel tissue bridge 101 in order to occlude thevas deferens 100, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view of a section of the vas deferens 100occluded by a hydrogel tissue bridge 101, also known as an occluder, asalso shown in FIG. 1 according to an embodiment. FIG. 1A shows thevarious parts of the vas deferens 100, its circular, smooth musclefibers 110, its longitudinal, smooth muscle fibers 111, and itsepithelium 112, including a representation of its uneven surface 113. Inthis figure, the hydrogel tissue bridge 101 is shown to fill the lumenof the vas deferens 100 and form in and around the epithelium's unevensurface 113 creating a full blockage of the lumen of the vas deferens100, thus preventing the passage of sperm (not shown) through it,according to an embodiment.

Solution Synthesis

In very general terms, solution synthesis, according to the presentlydisclosed compositions and methods, uniquely features in its earlystage, the preparation of styrene maleic anhydride, the collaborativeand cooperative employment of (a) ethyl acetate as a solvent, blended,and otherwise processed initially, with selected amounts of styrene andmaleic anhydride, followed by (b) non-radiation, free-radical initiationimplemented using benzoyl peroxide as the initiator.

This cooperative, early-stage use of ethyl acetate as a solvent andbenzoyl peroxide as a free-radical initiator plays a significant role inoffering a synthesis approach, according to the presently disclosedcompositions and methods, which enables the mid-synthesis creation of astyrene maleic acid solute component possessing an easily controlled andachieved molecular weight range. In particular, this method for creatinga styrene maleic acid solute component has been shown to provideexcellent control and allow for the achievement of relatively largemolecular weights, a consideration which has been determined to beimportant in many applications, such as in male contraceptiveapplications. It is via the employment of benzoyl peroxide as afree-radical initiator, and specifically by controlling the relativeamount of benzoyl peroxide used for this purpose in the anhydridesynthesis step, which offers such important control over theestablishment of a desired range of styrene maleic acid molecularweights, and establishing it selectively at high molecular weights, suchas those above 100-kDa.

Moreover, the present solvent/free-radical-initiation(ethyl-acetate/benzoyl-peroxide) processing approach, when used inrelation to the styrene-maleic-anhydride creating step in the overallsolution synthesis, is readily scalable, enabling the scalability of theoverall solution-preparation, thus allowing for commercial-scalesolution production.

Following the present solvent/free-radical-initiating procedure, in aconcluding portion of the styrene-maleic-anhydride-forming part of theproposed synthesis, an acetone-processing step is included whichfunctions as a purifying step that sets the stage for a final solutepreparation of a near 100-percent styrene maleic acid to be blended intoa solvent/carrier, such as DMSO.

The present solution-syntheses are fully described immediately below,including the preparation of nearly pure styrene maleic acid from theprepared styrene maleic anhydride, and subsequent appropriate blendingof this acid into the intended solution solvent, such as DMSO. Thisdetailed description of the present solution synthesis relates to thecreation of a hydrogel-forming solution which is suitable for use as amale contraceptive as well as other useful hydrogel tissue bridges.

The following synthesis is provided as a specific example, andmeasurements of the weights, temperatures and volumes relatespecifically to this example. Furthermore, it should be understood thatthe specific weights, temperatures and volumes provided are merelyrepresentative of those found within the ranges of acceptable weightsand volumes for each component of this synthesis and the reactiontemperatures described for each part of the synthesis.

I. Synthesis of Styrene Maleic Anhydride by Ethyl Acetate Precipitation,and Benzoyl Peroxide Free-Radical Initiation

The equipment used in the following synthesis can include a 2-Lfour-necked round-bottom flask, an overhead stirrer, a reflux condenser,a temperature probe and a glass tube connected to a dry nitrogen line.FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing the first steps of the following synthesisof styrene maleic anhydride. In FIG. 2, steps 200 thru 211 can befollowed sequentially illustrating the steps of the synthesis of styrenemaleic anhydride as described below. Table 1 lists the ingredients andamounts described in this section.

According to an embodiment, maleic anhydride (50-g, 0.51-mol), ethylacetate (solvent) (500-ml), and styrene (45.37-g, 50-ml, 0.436 mol) canbe placed into a 2-L four-necked round-bottom flask. The resultingmixture can then be degassed with nitrogen for twenty (20) minutes withthe glass tube connected to a dry nitrogen line while stirring with theoverhead stirrer, and while warming up with the heating mantle andtemperature controller (J-probe, appropriately set at 40-60% to preventwide temperature fluctuations) connected to the temperature probe,external temperature set at 87° C.

According to an embodiment, when the internal temperature reaches 66°C., 75% water wet benzoyl peroxide (initiator) (Luperox®, Aldrich,0.93-g, 2.89-mmol, 0.66-mol % to styrene, 0.73-wt. %) can be added tothe reaction mixture. The resulting mixture can then be stirred at290-rpm for 18-hours using the overhead stirrer. The externaltemperature can then be reset to 74° C. wherein the internal temperaturecan increase to 73-74° C. within the first 2.5-hours, then decreased to66-67° C. In an embodiment, the appearance of the reaction mixture canchange from a clear solution to an opaque gel, partly stuck to the wallsof the 2 L flask 101 and the overhead stirrer. The majority amount canbe in ¾-inch to 1-inch chunks, allowing for adequate stirring.

To establish purification, 500-ml of acetone can be added to theresulting mixture and the internal temperature can be decreased to 56°C. The external temperature can then be reset to 44° C. and the reactionmixture can be stirred in these conditions for 5-hours in order todissolve all visible chunks of the product. The resulting clear,light-pink homogenous viscous solution, about 1.06-L, can then be addeddrop-wise to a 5-L beaker with vigorously stirred tert-butyl methylether (MTBE), 3-L. The product, precipitated as off-white beads, canthen be isolated by filtration, rinsed with MTBE, and dried in a vacuumdesiccator for 10-hours.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing the following steps of the styrene maleicanhydride synthesis. In FIG. 3, steps 300 thru 307 can be followedsequentially illustrating the steps of the synthesis of styrene maleicanhydride as described below. The resulting crude product can then bemilled and suspended in 1.5-L of methylene chloride. This suspension canthen be stirred for an hour before filtering off the methylene chloridesolvent. The wet cake can then be suspended in a mixture of methylenechloride (1 L) and ice-cold water (1-L) and vigorously stirred for20-min. The solids can then be filtered and the aqueous layer of thefiltrate can be analyzed with pH indicator paper. The measured pH shouldbe approximately 4. The procedure can then be repeated two more times toachieve a pH in the range of 6-7 in the aqueous wash. After the lastwash, the wet cake can then be thoroughly squeezed on the filter anddried in high vacuum at 50° C. for two days to give, as a dry powder,82.5-g, 93.7%, of pure poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride); Mw (Da)628,257, according to an embodiment.

TABLE 1 Anhydride Ingredient Amount — Maleic Anhydride 50 g, 0.51 mol —Ethyl Acetate 500 ml — Styrene 43.37 g, 50-ml, 0.426 mol — 75% water wetbenzoyl 0.93 g, 2.89 mmol peroxide — Acetone 500 ml Dropwise toTert-butyl methyl ether   3 L Suspended in Methylene chloride —

II. Synthesis of Styrene Maleic Acid by Base Hydrolysis of Anhydride inWater

FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing the following steps of the hydrolysis ofstyrene maleic anhydride, according to an embodiment. In FIG. 4, steps400 thru 407 are followed sequentially illustrating the steps of thehydrolysis of styrene maleic anhydride as described below. According toan embodiment, styrene maleic anhydride (56-g, Mw 333,332), and in 1-NNaOH, 1.5-L, can be placed into a 5-L three-necked round-bottom flaskwith an overhead stirrer and a temperature probe. The formed suspensioncan then be warmed up to 37° C. (external temperature initially set at57° C., them lowered to 44° C.) and stirred at that temperature for7-hours to create a clear viscous solution. This solution can then becooled down to room temperature and slowly acidified with 1-N HCl, whichcan be added in 250-ml portions. After addition of 1.25-L of 1-N HCl,the reaction can produce a mixture of clear liquid and whiteprecipitate, which can then be stirred for ten hours at room temperatureresulting in the formation of a clear, homogenous, extremely viscous gelwith a pH of 6±1.0 pH units. To the gel can be added 250-ml of 1-N HCl,which can break the gel into pieces and liberate the liquid, which canthen be filtered off. The solids can then be re-suspended in 1-L of0.05-N HCl and stirred for 3-hours. These solids can then be filteredand dried in high vacuum at 60° C. for 72-hours to result in a drypowder, 60.4-g, of nearly pure (>85%) poly(styrene-co-maleic acid); Mw(Da) 339,019. Completeness of hydrolysis can be confirmed by FourierTransform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). FIG. 5 is a representative FTIRspectrum of styrene maleic acid.

III. Synthesis of Each of (1) Styrene Maleic Acid/DMSO Solution, and(2), Styrene Maleic Acid/Styrene Maleic Anhydride/DMSO Solution

In an embodiment, 205-g of each of the two principal solutioncompositions of the present method—(1) styrene maleic acid/DMSO, and (2)styrene maleic acid/styrene maleic anhydride/DMSO—can be made asfollows: Composition (1), dry-powder styrene maleic acid, 22.05-g, canbe weighed out into a 250-cc amber vial; Composition (2), dry-powderstyrene maleic acid, 17.64-g, and dry styrene maleic anhydride, 4.41-g,can be weighed out into a 250-cc amber vial (Sartorius analyticalbalance CPA1003P was used). The vials with the dry mixtures can then beplaced into a dry box together with an unopened Sure/Seal® capped bottleof anhydrous DMSO, a can opener, top loading balance Adam ADK-20, aglass beaker with two glass rods, glass funnel, and several sheets ofaluminum foil.

In an embodiment, the dry box can be sealed, connected with a vacuumline and with a nitrogen line through a desiccator chamber. The air canthen be vacuumed off and replaced with dry nitrogen five times. The DMSObottle can then be opened inside the dry box, and to each amber vial canbe added 82.95-g of DMSO. The resulting compositions can then bethoroughly mixed up with glass rods. The vials with the rods inside canthen be covered with aluminum foil and kept in the dry box at roomtemperature. According to an embodiment, for the subsequent week, everyday the mixtures can be stirred three or four times, resulting in lumpsof solids gradually disappearing. After seven days, both master vialscan contain uniform viscous turbid liquids—the intended, two, finalsolutions.

As an alternative to the terminal blending procedure described above,wherein final solution blending is performed by introducing liquidextravasating solvent, DMSO, into dry powder, a useful alternativeinvolves a reverse approach featuring introducing the relevant drypowder into liquid extravasating solvent.

The above-elaborated synthesis descriptions present one set of specificways in which the three principal stages of final solution formation,covering each of two, principal (wet DMSO) solution embodiments of thepresent method, may be carried out, and are believed to be clearlyinformative to those generally skilled in the relevant art regarding howto practice the synthesis methodology of the present method. Inparticular, the use, during polymerization of styrene maleic anhydride,of the uniquely combined steps involving the use of ethyl acetate as asolvent, and use of benzoyl peroxide as a free-radical (non-radiation)initiator are clearly described. In these presented synthesis stages,different molecular weights of solutes have been chosen to be discussedin order to show, representatively, a range in synthesis illustrations,with the understanding that a practitioner of the synthesis methodologymay easily choose other styrene-maleic-acid molecular-weight values tobe established, through controlling, appropriately, the relative amountsof benzoyl peroxide used in the anhydride synthesis step of the presentmethod. It is this benzoyl-peroxide, amount-usage control whicheffectively determines final styrene maleic acid molecular weight.

Although the present methods and compositions have been described interms of exemplary embodiments, none is limited thereto. Rather, theappended claims should be construed broadly, to include other variantsand embodiments of the present methods and compositions, which may bemade by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope andrange of equivalents of either the compositions or the methods for usingsuch compositions.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for using a hydrogel-forming solution tocreate a hydrogel tissue bridge within a space located within a subject,the method comprising: providing a hydrogel-forming solution comprisinga polymer dissolved in a solvent, wherein the polymer is more than 75%comprised of styrene-alt-maleic acid and the solvent is DMSO;identifying a space within a subject comprising available water andaqueous solutions within the space; utilizing an injecting apparatus toplace the hydrogel-forming solution within the space; and thehydrogel-forming solution absorbing the available water and aqueoussolutions within the space thereby creating a hydrogel tissue bridgewithin the space, wherein the space is the vas deferens; and furthercomprising removing the hydrogel tissue bridge by injecting a basicphosphate buffer solution into the vas deferens with an injectingapparatus.
 2. The method as described in claim 1 wherein the injectingapparatus is a needle and syringe.
 3. The method as described in claim 1wherein the ratio of polymer to DMSO in the hydrogel-forming solution iswithin a weight/weight range from 18% to 40%.
 4. The method as describedin claim 1 wherein the molecular weight of the polymer is within a rangebetween 100 kDa and 1200 kDa.
 5. The method as described in claim 1wherein a percentage of intermolecular or intramolecular cross-links inthe polymer is less than one percent.
 6. The method as described inclaim 1 wherein a percentage of intermolecular or intramolecularcross-links in the polymer is less than five percent.
 7. The method asdescribed in claim 1 wherein a percentage of intermolecular orintramolecular cross-links in the polymer is less than ten percent.
 8. Amethod for synthesizing a polymer that is more than 75% comprised ofstyrene-alt-maleic acid and has a molecular weight between 100 kDa and1200 kDa, the method comprising: preparing a more than 75% pure styrenemaleic anhydride in copolymerization steps involving selected amounts ofstyrene and maleic anhydride including employment of a solvent and thefree-radical initiation, from the thus prepared, copolymerized, styrenemaleic anhydride wherein the solvent employed is a selected amount ofethyl acetate, and free-radical initiation is implemented via theaddition of a selected amount of benzoyl peroxide, wherein the molecularweight of the of the prepared styrene-alt-maleic acid is determined bythe amount of benzoyl peroxide used in the preparation of the styrenemaleic anhydride.
 9. The method as described in claim 8, wherein theselected amount of maleic anhydride and the selected amount of styreneare dissolved in a selected amount of ethyl acetate to create an initialsolution, and the initial solution is heated to approximately 67° C.before the selected amount of benzoyl peroxide is added.